Eye diseases

Eye diseases are common in all age groups, but they become more common especially with age. Cataract is the most common eye disease, and it affects almost everyone over the age of 60 in some form. Glaucoma affects about 2 percent of Finns, and age-related macular degeneration is the leading cause of blindness in older people.

The most typical symptom of cataract is gradual blurring of vision and sensitivity to glare. Glaucoma is usually symptomless in the early stages, which is why it is often missed without regular intraocular pressure measurements. In age-related macular degeneration, central vision deteriorates, making reading and recognizing faces difficult. Diabetic retinopathy is a retinal disease caused by diabetes and can progress silently to a severe stage.

The biggest risk factor for cataract and macular degeneration is age. Risks for glaucoma are increased by high intraocular pressure, heredity, diabetes and nearsightedness. Diabetic retinopathy develops as a result of long-term poorly controlled diabetes. Smoking significantly increases the risk of several eye diseases.

Diagnosis is based on an examination by an ophthalmology specialist: measuring visual acuity, measuring intraocular pressure, biomicroscopy of the anterior segment of the eye and examination of the fundus are key. Imaging with an OCT device (optical coherence tomography) is important for detecting fundus changes.

The only effective treatment for cataract is surgery, in which the cloudy lens is replaced with an artificial intraocular lens. Cataract surgery is the most common elective surgery in Finland and is a highly effective procedure. Glaucoma is treated with eye drops to lower intraocular pressure and, if needed, with laser treatment or surgery. Wet age-related macular degeneration is treated with regular anti-VEGF injections into the eye.

Regular eye examinations are important especially for people with diabetes, glaucoma patients and those over 50. Many vision problems can be treated if they are detected early. Sudden vision loss, eye pain or flashes of light require prompt examination by an ophthalmologist.