Cancer

Cancer is a general term for hundreds of different diseases in which the body’s cells grow uncontrollably. Cancer is the second most common cause of death in Finland. Each year, about 36,000 new cancer cases are diagnosed, and there are more than 300,000 people living with cancer or who have had cancer. Breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer and melanoma are the most common types.

The symptoms of cancer vary greatly depending on the type of disease and its location. Unexplained weight loss, fatigue, pain, changes in the skin or mucous membranes, cough or bleeding may be signs of cancer. Some cancers cause no symptoms for a long time, which is why screening tests such as mammography and colonoscopy are important for early detection.

Cancer development is influenced by genetic factors, environmental factors and lifestyle. Smoking is the single biggest preventable risk factor for cancer. Other risk factors include UV radiation, excess weight, alcohol, certain viruses such as HPV and Helicobacter pylori, and exposure to carcinogenic substances.

Cancer diagnostics have advanced significantly: a tissue sample, or biopsy, is the cornerstone of diagnosis. Imaging, blood tests and biomarker studies complement the assessment. Cancer is often diagnosed through cooperation between different specialties in a multidisciplinary team.

Treatment is chosen according to the cancer type, the extent of spread and the patient’s overall condition. Surgery, radiation therapy, cytotoxic drugs, targeted biologic medicines and immunotherapy are the main treatment modalities, often used in combination. Treatment techniques are advancing rapidly, and the prognosis for many cancers has improved significantly.

Recovery from cancer requires comprehensive rehabilitation: lymph therapy treats lymphedema caused by surgery or radiation therapy, physiotherapy restores functional ability, nutritional therapy supports nutrient intake and psychological support helps with adjustment. A cancer diagnosis should not be faced alone – early professional support is important.