TMD and jaw problems

Temporomandibular disorder, or TMD, is a syndrome affecting the jaw joints, chewing muscles and dentition, and it is more common than is often thought. It is estimated that about 10–15 percent of the population experience significant TMD symptoms at some point in life. The condition is more common in women and young adults.

The most common symptoms are pain in the jaw joint and the muscles around it, clicking or grinding sounds in the jaw joint when opening or closing the mouth, limited mouth opening, and headache that worsens in the morning or over the course of the day. Pain may radiate to the ear, neck or temple. Symptoms are aggravated by chewing, clenching and stress.

The causes of TMD are multifactorial: clenching or bruxism, meaning teeth grinding and biting, is one of the most common causes. The structure of the jaw joints, previous injuries, bite abnormalities, stress and anxiety are other risk factors. A long-term one-sided eating pattern can also place uneven strain on the jaw joint.

Diagnosis is based on the clinical examination performed by a dentist or a specialist dentist in occlusion physiology, which includes an assessment of jaw joint mobility, muscle palpation and, if necessary, X-ray imaging or MRI of the jaw joint. A physiotherapist may participate in the functional assessment and treatment.

The cornerstone of treatment is a conservative approach: occlusal splints prevent clenching and protect the jaw joint at night. Physiotherapy with manual therapy and movement control exercises has proven effective. Muscle therapy, heat treatments and anti-inflammatory painkillers relieve pain. Psychological support for stress management is often a necessary part of treatment, as psychological stress is a significant trigger and maintaining factor for TMD.

Most TMD patients recover well with conservative treatment within months. Surgical treatment is considered only in rare cases, such as a structural defect in the jaw joint. If symptoms persist or worsen, consultation with a professional is recommended.