Women's diseases

Women's diseases cover disorders and health problems of the female reproductive system and hormonal system. Endometriosis is a common and often underdiagnosed condition that affects an estimated 10 percent of women of reproductive age. Menstrual disorders affect a large proportion of women at some point in life, and almost every woman experiences menopausal symptoms.

The most typical symptom of endometriosis is painful menstruation, as well as pain during intercourse and in the bowel or bladder area. Fibroids, or uterine myomas, can cause heavy periods, a feeling of pressure in the pelvic area and frequent urination. Polycystic ovaries (PCOS) can cause irregular periods, hirsutism and fertility problems. Menopausal symptoms include hot flashes, sleep disturbances, mood swings and dryness of the mucous membranes.

Hormonal imbalance lies behind many women's diseases. Endometriosis develops when tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterine cavity. In PCOS, androgen overproduction and insulin resistance are key mechanisms. In menopause, a decrease in estrogen causes a wide range of symptoms.

Diagnosis is based on a gynecological examination, which includes a Pap test, internal examination and ultrasound. Endometriosis can only be confirmed with certainty by laparoscopy. Blood tests for measuring hormone levels are important. A gynecologist is a specialist in women's diseases, and if needed, patients are referred to specialists in reproductive medicine or gynecologic surgery.

Treatment is chosen according to the symptoms and the patient's needs. Endometriosis is treated with hormonal medication or laparoscopic surgery. Fibroids can be treated with medication, surgery or embolization. In PCOS, lifestyle changes, hormonal contraceptives and other medications are the most commonly used treatments. Menopausal symptoms are helped by hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or non-hormonal alternatives.

Women's pelvic floor health is an essential part of overall wellbeing. Postpartum rehabilitation, pelvic floor physiotherapy and regular gynecological follow-up support long-term health. Symptoms should not be endured — you should see a gynecologist when symptoms recur or affect quality of life.