Digestive problems

Digestive problems are very common: irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) affects an estimated 15–20 percent of Finns. Reflux disease, celiac disease and inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are other common conditions. Digestive problems significantly reduce quality of life and can limit everyday activities.

Symptoms vary widely: abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, nausea, heartburn and intestinal bleeding are typical. IBS is characterized by a functional bowel problem without an identifiable structural cause. In celiac disease, gluten causes destruction of the small intestinal mucosa, leading to impaired nutrient absorption. In reflux disease, the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus causes a burning sensation and sour taste.

The cause of IBS is not fully known, but disruption in the gut-brain connection, stress factors and changes in the microbiome are important mechanisms. Inflammatory bowel diseases are based on an abnormal immune response to the normal intestinal microbiota. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease that requires genetic predisposition and exposure to gluten. An unhealthy diet, antibiotic use and stress can worsen most digestive diseases.

Diagnosis begins with a careful symptom history and blood tests. Endoscopic examinations of the stomach and intestines are key: gastroscopy examines the esophagus and stomach, colonoscopy the large intestine. Celiac disease is confirmed with antibody tests and a small bowel biopsy. A gastroenterologist or internist is the specialist for digestive tract diseases.

Treatment depends on the diagnosis. In celiac disease, the only treatment is a lifelong gluten-free diet. In IBS, a low-FODMAP diet, stress management and, if needed, medication can significantly relieve symptoms. Inflammatory bowel diseases are treated with anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants and biologic medicines. In severe cases, surgical treatment may be needed.

A nutrition therapist is a valuable part of treating digestive diseases: an individualized dietary plan can significantly improve quality of life. Long-lasting or worsening digestive symptoms should be examined by a doctor so that any more serious diseases are not left undiagnosed.