Rheumatic diseases and joint problems

Rheumatic diseases cover more than 200 different conditions, with musculoskeletal symptoms as the common feature. In Finland, about 35,000 people have rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis is even more common: it affects an estimated one in three people over the age of 65. Rheumatic diseases are among the most significant causes of disability.

In rheumatoid arthritis, symptoms include joint pain, swelling, morning stiffness and fatigue. In inflammatory rheumatic diseases, symptoms may be episodic or continuous, and if left untreated, joint damage progresses. In osteoarthritis, pain worsens with activity and eases at rest. In ankylosing spondylitis, lower back stiffness is typical, especially in the morning.

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune response attacks its own joints. The exact cause is unknown, but genetic and environmental factors play a role. Osteoarthritis develops from wear of the cartilage surface, and its background includes age, obesity, previous injuries and inherited predisposition. Ankylosing spondylitis is often associated with the HLA-B27 gene variant.

Diagnosis is based on the symptom picture, blood tests (CRP, ESR, rheumatoid factor, anti-CCP antibodies) and imaging studies. A rheumatologist is an expert in the treatment of inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Early diagnosis and starting treatment can significantly slow the progression of joint damage.

Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis is based on antirheumatic medicines, with methotrexate as the first choice. If that is not enough, biologic medicines are available and have revolutionized the prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis. In osteoarthritis, conservative treatment is the first-line choice: physiotherapy, exercise, weight management and pain medication. Joint replacement surgery is an effective option in advanced osteoarthritis.

Treatment of rheumatic diseases is long-term, but with current treatment methods most patients are able to live full lives. Regular follow-up, an active lifestyle and multidisciplinary cooperation are key. Symptoms should not be endured: seeking treatment early significantly improves the prognosis.