Brain injury

A brain injury results from an external blow or jolt to the head that disrupts the brain's normal function. Mild brain injury, or concussion, is the most common form and often occurs in traffic accidents, falls or contact sports. In Finland, about 15,000–20,000 brain injuries are diagnosed each year. All age groups are at risk, but young adults and older people are high-risk groups.

Symptoms of mild brain injury include short-term loss of consciousness or confusion, headache, nausea, balance problems, sensitivity to light and fatigue. Symptoms may last for days or weeks. Severe brain injury can cause prolonged unconsciousness, memory loss, cognitive changes, personality changes and motor impairments, which may be permanent.

Brain injury is caused by a mechanical force that makes the brain move inside the skull or causes direct tissue damage. Secondary damage may be caused by swelling, bleeding or lack of oxygen. Risk is increased by previous brain injuries, alcohol use and contact sports without proper protective equipment.

Diagnosis begins with a neurological examination and assessment of the GCS score. CT is performed if intracranial bleeding is suspected. MRI is needed for long-term symptoms after mild brain injury. A neuropsychologist assesses cognitive changes, and a neurologist coordinates care.

In mild brain injury, rest and a gradual return to normal activities are key. If symptoms persist, multidisciplinary rehabilitation is needed: neurological physiotherapy, occupational therapy, neuropsychological rehabilitation and speech therapy form the rehabilitation team. In severe injuries, intensive rehabilitation is essential for recovery.

Most mild brain injuries heal completely within a few weeks. After a brain injury, symptoms should not be underestimated: if headache or cognitive symptoms persist for more than a month, it is advisable to seek professional assessment. Recovery is often a slow process, but significant progress can still be made long after the injury.